北京天譯翻譯公司是北京地區(qū)一家大型的專業(yè)翻譯公司，在多種領(lǐng)域均有著豐富的翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)。立足北京并致力于在上海、大連、廣州、等地提供翻譯服務(wù)。公司整合了各地的資源，并在北京、上海、廣州等地建立了翻譯公司分部，以依托外資開(kāi)發(fā)當(dāng)?shù)氐姆g市場(chǎng)。天譯翻譯公司的翻譯人員都有著優(yōu)秀的翻譯水平，公司的所有翻譯均有著深厚的行業(yè)背景和翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)所翻譯的行業(yè)有著深刻的理解，從而能夠 翻譯項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量。公司致力于為每位客戶提供專業(yè)快速的翻譯服務(wù)，并成為溝通世界與中國(guó)的橋梁。

艾滋病詞典-HIV/AIDS terms(I-Q)

IDU

See: injection drug user

IDV

See: indinavir

illicit drug

See: recreational drug

immune reconstitution - 免疫功能重建

The rebuilding of an immune system that has been damaged or compromised by HIV infection; HIV treatment often leads to immune reconstitution in people with damaged immune systems

immune reconstitution disease (ISD)

See: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - 免疫重建炎性綜合癥

A set of symptoms that occurs in a person whose immune system is becoming stronger as a result of HIV treatment; the symptoms appear when a previously hidden opportunistic infection appears and the immune system overreacts to it

immunization - 免疫接種

The process by which a person is protected against disease-causing organisms through the stimulation of an immune response

immunocompromised - 免疫受損

Reduced functioning of the immune system， usually as a result of a disease or condition such as HIV infection

immunomodulator - 免疫促進(jìn)劑

An agent or process capable of modifying or influencing the function of the immune system; immunomodulators include cytokines (for example， IL-2， gamma interferon) and broad-acting agents

inclusion criteria - 包含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Characteristics of an individual that qualify him or her to take part in a clinical trial (for example， CD4+ cell count， pregnancy， other drugs taken)

incubation period

See: window period

indication - 藥物認(rèn)可治療范

The approved uses of a drug

indinavir - 茚地那偉

An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; indinavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)

induction therapy - 誘導(dǎo)治療

An initial stage of treatment to quickly cause remission of the disease. In HIV treatment， induction therapy is an experimental procedure to rapidly reduce viral load before switching to long-term “maintenance” therapy

INF

See: interferon

informed consent - 知情同意

A way to protect people entering a clinical trial; each participant must sign a consent form that explains the purpose of the trial， the results expected， the mechanics of the trial， potential risks， a list of other treatments available; there is also a statement telling the participant that (s)he can leave the clinical trial at any time

injection drug user - 毒品注射者

A person who uses a street drug (such as heroin or cocaine) that is injected with a needle and syringe

inmate - 獄犯

Someone who is in a correctional facility (prison or jail)

insulin - 胰島素

A hormone that enables the body to metabolize and use glucose (sugar); lack of insulin or insensitivity to it results in diabetes

integrase inhibitor - 整合酶抑制劑

A class of anti-HIV drugs (for example， zintevir) that suppress HIV by interfering with the action of the integrase enzyme

interferon - 干擾素

A protein that regulates the immune system， providing protection from microbes such as viruses

interleukin - 白細(xì)胞介素

A hormone (cytokine) that acts as a messenger in the immune system

Invirase

See: saquinavir

IRIS

See: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Kaletra - 洛匹那偉利托那偉復(fù)合劑

An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Kaletra is a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir， two drugs that are protease inhibitors (PIs)

Kaposi`s sarcoma - 卡波氏肉瘤

Cancer of the blood vessels caused by a herpes virus; symptoms include red， pink or purple spots on the skin or internal organs; Kaposi’s sarcoma is very rare except in HIV-positive; it used to be a common opportunistic infection

kidney function test - 腎功能測(cè)試

A group of tests that show how well the kidneys are working

kidney stone - 腎結(jié)石

An accumulation of substances (for example， drug crystals， minerals) in the kidney， which may lead to pain and blockage

Kivexa - 拉米夫定阿巴卡偉復(fù)合劑

An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Kivexa is a combination of 3TC and abacavir， two drugs that are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs， nukes)

KS

See: Kaposi`s sarcoma

lactic acidosis - 乳酸中毒

An accumulation of lactic acid in the blood that is potentially fatal; it can be caused by mitochondrial toxicity， a side effect associated with some anti-HIV drugs

lactose intolerance - 乳酸過(guò)敏

When a person cannot digest lactose， which is commonly found in milk and other dairy products

lamivudine

See: 3TC

lesbian - 女同性戀者

A woman who has emotional and sexual relations with other women

lesbian gay bisexual transgendered - 女同性戀/男同志/ 雙性戀-變性者

A term describing people whose sexuality falls outside of the majority heterosexual identity

leukopenia - 白血球減少

Abnormally low number of white blood cells

Lexiva

See: fosamprenavir

LGBT

See: lesbian gay bisexual transgendered

lipid profile - 脂肪型態(tài)

A blood test that measures the levels of lipids in the blood， including triglycerides， total cholesterol， LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol

lipodystrophy - 脂肪代謝失調(diào)癥

Body shape changes in people taking anti-HIV medications， including fat loss， fat deposits and metabolic changes

liver enzyme levels - 肝臟酶類水平

A blood test that measures levels of liver enzymes to indicate how well the liver is working and whether it might be inflamed or damaged

liver function test

See: liver enzyme levels

longitudinal study - 追蹤調(diào)查研究

A clinical study that follows participants over an extended period of time

long-term nonprogression - 長(zhǎng)期沒(méi)有惡化

When an individual who has been infected with HIV for several years (7-10 or more) does not exhibit immune system decline or have opportunistic diseases; about 10% of persons with HIV disease seem to be long-term nonprogressors

LTNP

See: long-term nonprogression

lumbar puncture - 腰髓穿刺

The insertion of a needle into the space around the spinal column to remove fluid for diagnosis or to inject medications or anesthesia

lymph node - 淋巴結(jié)

Small bean-sized organs located throughout the body， with concentrations in the neck， groin and armpits; lymph nodes are important in immune reactions and are also reservoir sites for HIV

lymphatic system - 淋巴系統(tǒng)

The interconnected system of spaces and glands by which lymph (fluid) circulates in the body; the lymphatic system is part of the immune system

lymphocyte - 淋巴細(xì)胞

A T-cell or B-cell， which are the white blood cells responsible for immune defense

lymphoma - 淋巴瘤

Cancer of the lymphatic system

MAC

See: Mycobacterium avium complex

magnetic resonance imaging - 磁力共振影像

A diagnostic technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves (instead of X-rays); MRIs produce a 3-dimensional computer model

maintenance therapy - 維持療法

Preventive or ongoing therapy that follows successful initial treatment of an illness; generally， maintenance therapy continues for the lifetime of the patient to stop the disease from occurring again

malabsorption - 吸收障礙

Poor absorption of nutrients or drugs in the intestines

malaria - 瘧疾

An infection passed by the bite of mosquitoes; symptoms of disease include chills and fevers

malignant - 惡性

Refers to a cancer， neoplasm or tumour that grows in an uncontrolled manner， invading nearby tissue and spreading (metastasizing) to other sites through the bloodstream

marijuana - 大麻

Cannabis sativa， a plant that contains the psychoactive ingredient delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); medicinal marijuana is used to reduce nausea from drugs and to restore appetite in people with HIV/AIDS with wasting syndrome

men who have sex with men - 男男性關(guān)系

Men who have sex together

meningitis - 腦膜炎

Inflammation of meninges (the layers that cover the brain)， usually caused by a bacterial infection

menstrual disorder - 月經(jīng)失調(diào)

Problems with menstruation， that is， the monthly passing of blood in a woman

meta-analysis - 統(tǒng)計(jì)薈萃分析

An analysis that combines the results of two or more published studies

metabolic disorder - 新陳代謝失調(diào)癥

A problem with any of the processes of build up， break down or excretion of substances in the body; metabolic disorders can occur as a side effect of anti-HIV drugs

methadone - 美沙酮

An opioid drug used for pain therapy and to treat heroin addiction

microbicide - 殺菌劑

An agent that inactivates， kills or destroys microbes; vaginal microbicides are one way that women may be able to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV

microsporidiosis - 微孢子菌病

Infection that causes diarrhea and cramps; this is sometimes incorrectly diagnosed as cryptosporidiosis

mitochondria - 線粒體

A rod-shaped organelle that produces most of the energy inside a cell

mitochondrial toxicity - 線粒體中毒癥

Damage to the cell’s mitochondria， sometimes caused by certain anti-HIV drugs

molluscum contagiosum - 傳染性軟疣

An infectious skin disease caused by a virus; symptoms include small， white tumours on the face or body

mother-to-child transmission - 母嬰傳染

Transmission of infection from a mother to a fetus or newborn; vertical transmission may occur in the womb (in utero)， during birth (intrapartum) or during breast-feeding (postpartum)

MRI

See: magnetic resonance imaging

MSM

See: men who have sex with men

MTCT

See: mother-to-child transmission

mucosal immunity - 黏膜免疫性

Immunity that involves antibodies located in the mucous membranes at the openings of the body (for example， the genital tract); this type of immune defense repels invaders at their point of entry

multicentre - 多發(fā)源點(diǎn)

Involving many different locations; often used to describe a clinical trial

mutation - 變異

A change in a gene that is kept during later cell divisions

Mycobacterium avium complex - 分枝桿菌復(fù)癥

A disease caused by a fungus in dirt or dust particles; symptoms include weight loss， fatigue and fever

myelopathy - 脊髓病

A disease or disorder of the bone marrow

myopathy - 肌病

An inflammation or disease of the muscles that may cause pain or weakness

naturopathy - 自然療法

A system of natural healing that relies on healthy foods and exercise and the avoidance of drugs， believing that the body can cure itself

nausea - 惡心

A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to throw up (vomit)

needle exchange - 針筒交換

A program where injection drug users receive clean syringes in exchange for syringes they have already used

needle-stick injuries - 針筒刺傷

When a person is pricked accidentally with a needle

nelfinavir - 奈非那偉

An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; nelfinavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)

neonatal - 新生兒

Pertaining to a newborn baby， especially during the first weeks after birth

nephropathy - 腎病

Kidney disease

nephrotoxicity - 腎中毒

Harmful effects on the kidneys; many drugs have nephrotoxic side effects

neurosyphilis - 神經(jīng)梅毒

A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death

neurotoxicity - 神經(jīng)中毒癥

Harmful effects on the nervous system; some anti-HIV drugs are neurotoxic

neutropenia - 嗜中性白血球減少癥

A low number of neutrophils in the blood; neutrophils are a white blood cell important in defending the body against infections

nevirapine - 奈維拉平

An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI， non-nuke)

NFV

See: nelfinavir

NHL

See: non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma

night sweats - 盜汗

Abnormal sweating during sleep

NNRTI

See: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma - 非何杰金淋巴瘤

A type of cancer of the lymph nodes; NHL is characterized by abnormal growth of B-cells and is the most common type of lymphoma in people with HIV/AIDS

non-narcotic pain reliever - 非麻醉止痛藥

A class of drugs that relieves pain; examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor - 非核苷類逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶抑制劑

A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by blocking the reverse transcriptase enzyme， a viral enzyme involved in making more copies of HIV

non-nuke

See: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

nonprescription drug

See: over-the-counter drug

NRTI

See: nucleoside analogue

NtRTI

See: nucleotide analogue

nucleoside analogue - 核苷類近似體

A compound (for example， AZT， ddI， ddC， d4T， 3TC) that mimics one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA; these compounds suppress HIV replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme

nucleotide analogue - 核苷酸近似體

A compound (for example， tenofovir)， similar to a nucleoside analogue but with an extra molecule attached， that mimics a building block of DNA and RNA; these compounds interfere with viral replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme

nuke

See: nucleoside analogue

nutrition - 營(yíng)養(yǎng)

The taking in and using of food and other nourishing materials by the body; eating the right kinds of foods may help people with HIV/AIDS feel better and stay stronger

NVP

See: nevirapine

observational study - 前瞻性觀察研究

A clinical study in which no drug is given， but the patient`s symptoms， laboratory values and response to treatment are observed during the course of normal medical management

off-label drug use - 無(wú)標(biāo)簽藥物

Use of a drug for a purpose (indication) different from the approved uses of the drug

OI

See: opportunistic infection

opportunistic infection - 機(jī)會(huì)性感染

An illness caused by a microorganism that usually does not cause disease in people with healthy immune systems， but which may cause serious illness in people with HIV/AIDS; common examples include PCP， MAC and CMV infection

oral candidiasis - 口腔念珠菌感染鵝口瘡

A fungal infection of the mouth that often appears as white or red patches

oral sex - 口交

Sexual intercourse where the genitals are stimulated by the mouth

orphan drug - 治療罕有病癥藥物

A drug that treats a rare disorder and whose development is often supported by money from the government

osteopenia - 軟骨癥

A decrease in the density of a person’s bones

osteoporosis - 骨質(zhì)疏松癥

The loss of bone and/or the loss of calcium from the bones

OTC drug

See: over-the-counter drug

over-the-counter drug - 成藥

A drug that is available without a prescription

pain management - 痛癥處理

The use of drugs and other techniques to relieve pain and make a person more comfortable

palliative care - 安寧護(hù)理

Medical care that relieves symptoms and provides comfort but does not cure; palliative care is an approach to life-threatening chronic illnesses， especially at the end of life

pancreatitis - 胰臟炎

A potentially fatal inflammation of the pancreas; pancreatitis is a side effect of some anti-HIV drugs

Pap smear - 子宮頸細(xì)胞抹片檢查

A procedure in which cells are taken from the uterine cervix or anus， prepared on a slide and examined under a microscope for signs of abnormal cell growth or cancer

Papanicolou smear

See: Pap smear

participatory research

See: community-based research

peak level - 較高水平

The highest concentration of a drug achieved in the body

peer support - 朋輩互助

Help from other people， including family， friends and especially other people with HIV/AIDS

Pegasys - 派羅欣（長(zhǎng)效型干擾素）

A form of the drug interferon; Pegasys is usually taken with Copegus， a form of ribavirin， to treat hepatitis C infection

Pegatron - 長(zhǎng)效型干擾素利巴偉林復(fù)合劑

A form of the drug interferon; Pegatron is usually taken with Rebetol， a form of ribavirin， to treat hepatitis C infection

pelvic inflammatory disease - 盆腔炎

An infection in the upper female reproductive tract， including the uterus， fallopian tubes and ovaries

penicillin - 盤(pán)尼西林

An antibiotic drug used to treat various bacterial infections

pentamidine - 戍烷脒

A drug used to prevent and treat Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

PEP

See: post-exposure prophylaxis

perinatal transmission

See: mother-to-child transmission

peripheral neuropathy - 末稍神經(jīng)痛癥

Any disease， inflammation or abnormality of the peripheral nervous system (all the nerves that are not part of the brain and spinal cord)

person with HIV/AIDS - 艾滋病患者

A person infected with HIV， who may or may not have AIDS

PHA

See: person with HIV/AIDS

pharmacokinetic study - 藥物動(dòng)力研究

A clinical trial of an experimental drug that looks at the body`s ability to absorb the drug

pharmacokinetics - 藥物動(dòng)力

How a drug behaves in the body， including how quickly it is absorbed， metabolized and excreted

phase of clinical trial - 臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)階段

Before a drug is approved for use in humans， it goes through three phases of clinical trials; phase I trials test drug pharmacokinetics， safety and toxicity in healthy volunteers; phase II and III trials test the drug`s effectiveness to treat a condition; phase III trials often involve more people and may compare the drug to other therapies or to placebo

phenotypic testing - 生態(tài)表現(xiàn)測(cè)試

A test for viral drug resistance that is based on the ability of the virus to reproduce in the presence of the drug

PI

See: protease inhibitor

PID

See: pelvic inflammatory disease

placebo - 無(wú)效對(duì)照劑

An inactive substance given to a control group in a clinical trial; a placebo is sometimes called a sugar pill

plasma - 血漿

The liquid portion of blood that carries blood cells， nutrients， metabolic wastes and chemical signals between different parts of the body

PML

See: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Pneumocystis pneumonia - 卡氏肺囊蟲(chóng)肺炎

A life-threatening type of pneumonia that can cause severe illness in people with CD4+ counts less than 200

pneumonia - 肺炎

A group of diseases that show up as an inflammation of the lungs

post-exposure prophylaxis - 接觸病毒后預(yù)防治療

Treatment with anti-HIV drugs in a person who has just been exposed to HIV; the goal is to reduce the risk of infection

pre-exposure prophylaxis - 接觸病毒前預(yù)防治療

Treatment with anti-HIV drugs in a person who is at high risk of being exposed to HIV; the goal is to reduce the risk of infection if exposure happens

PREP

See: pre-exposure prophylaxis

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - 腦白質(zhì)病

A viral infection of the brain; symptoms include memory loss， loss of strength， coma and death

prophylaxis - 預(yù)防性治療

A drug taken to prevent an opportunistic infection from occurring or re-occuring; for example， Septra is a prophylaxis against PCP

prospective study - 前瞻性研究

A clinical study that looks forward in time; patients are selected and their progression is followed

protease inhibitor - 蛋白酶抑制劑

A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by interfering with viral protease， an enzyme needed to create more copies of HIV proteins

psoriasis - 牛皮癬

A common skin condition with reddish scaly patches， often on the scalp， elbows， knees and trunk

QoL

See: quality of life

quality of life - 生活質(zhì)素

How comfortable someone’s life is; there are scientific scales that try to give a number value to quality of life